Annotated Bibliography
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Works Cited
Bonacich, Edna. "Abolition, the Extension of Slavery, and the Position of Free Blacks: A Study of Split Labor
Markets in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 83.3 (1975): 601-28. Print. Edna
Bonacich, an expert on split labor market theory, has an insightful view on antebellum slavery, and
explains her thought process in this scholarly journal. Slavery created two groups - cheap slave labor,
and higher priced free white labor. The cheap slave labor created a monopoly on the job market, so
many white workers were extremely poor, while slaveowners were super rich - there was a serious
gap. Abolition raised the minimum, and so closed the gap a bit, at the expense of the rich.
Chaplin, Joyce E. An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815.
Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by
the University of North Carolina, 1993. Print. In her book, American History professor Joyce Chaplin
explains the Southern slave based economy's strengths and weaknesses, and why they were present.
The majority of her analyses were of weaknesses, such as the economic un-diversity and why the
South tried to avoid industrialization. She even provided information that, in conjunction with other
sources, could lead to an argument that slave labor was not as lucrative as it may have seemed.
However, she did list some of the strengths of a slave driven economy, such as economic stability.
Conrad, David E. "Tenant Farming and Sharecropping." Oklahoma State University Encyclopedia. Oklahoma
State University, n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. This online encyclopedia article gave good basic information
about sharecropping and tenant farming after the Civil War, as well as an analysis on how it affected
some of the people involved. Basically, the tenants were given a piece of land and some tools to farm,
and then the landowner would take some of the harvest. Both black and white farmers were forced to
work on terms almost as bad as slavery, and in the end, usually ended up going down the tenancy
ladder, or ability to farm more for themselves.
"Economic Growth in the United States, 1870-1900." Council of Economic Education. National Council of
Economic Education, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.
<http://ushistory.councilforeconed.org/visuals/lesson26_visuals.pdf>. As one of the online lessons by
the National Council of Economic Education, this source is almost certainly trustworthy and
authoritative, if a bit simple. Mostly gave me a basic understanding of how the economy changed -
and grew - from the time slavery was abolished. Essentially, the economy boomed once
industrialization took off, and farms all over the country increased productivity tremendously, even
though the largest plantations took a hit. Also, the booming railroad industry fed by new
industrialization in the South allowed trade to be much more profitable, leading to the business-
centered market of today.
Foner, Eric. "Eric Foner Thinks Anew About Lincoln and Slavery." Interview. The Record. Colombia University,
n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://news.columbia.edu/record/2142>. Here, FONER provides an insight
into what Abraham Lincoln thought about slavery. Lincoln believed that the free labor economy of the
North allowed for great economic expansion and opportunity, while the slavery halted advancement
and expansion in the South. He thought that if slavery was abolished, the South would become more
open to these improvements and become more fair and democratic to all.
Gordon, Robert J. "U.S. Economic Growth Since 1870: One Big Wave?" The American Economic Review 89.2
(1999): 123-28. Print. In this article, economist Robert Gordon analyzes the economic growth of the
United States from 1870. His claim is that the main reason for this "wave" of growth is due to
increasing use of more and better "equipment", or anything used to help production of a product. The
explosion of growth began in 1870, which also happened to be right after slavery was abolished.
Grady, Henry W. "Henry Grady Sells the South." Speech. Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of Boston. Bay
State Club, Boston. 1889. History Matters. American Social History Productions. Web. 21 Mar. 2013.
In this speech, as well as his speech to the New England Club, journalist and orator Henry W Grady
tells of his view on how the South has changed since the Civil Way. He believed that before, the
South was too dependent on the North for all things manufactured, but now, they have improved, with
factories everywhere and for everything. Also, he believed that the Old South rested everything on
slavery and agriculture, and that that could not sustain a healthy growth, or progress, for the
economy. He believed that the abolition of slavery forced the South to rethink its ways, and now they
are prospering with industrialization.
Grady, Henry W. "Henry Grady Sells the South." Speech. Henry Grady to the New England Club of New York.
New England Club, New York. 1886. History Matters. American Social History Productions. Web. 21
Mar. 2013. In this speech, as well as his speech to the Bay State Club, journalist and orator Henry W
Grady tells of his view on how the South has changed since the Civil Way. He believed that before, the
South was too dependent on the North for all things manufactured, but now, they have improved, with
factories everywhere and for everything. Also, he believed that the Old South rested everything on
slavery and agriculture, and that that could not sustain a healthy growth, or progress, for the
economy. He believed that the abolition of slavery forced the South to rethink its ways, and now they
are prospering with industrialization.
Helper, Hinton R. The Impending Crisis of the South. New York: BURDICK BROTHERS, 1857. Print. Hinton Helper
gives his perspective on slavery, with many other sources to back him up, such as letters to and from
government officials and other government documents. He states that slavery is inefficient compared
to free labor, due to the willingness of the workers. He even shows that the South was not necessarily
agriculturally superior to the North. The concentrated wealth and markets of the South force money to
be transferred to the North for imports, and makes the South less wealthy overall. Also, Northern free
labor is more efficient, as he proved with statistics gathered from Census', meaning that the North was
even more wealthy. The wealthy slaveholders created an iron fist in politics, so they kept slavery for
their own economic interests, while everyone else suffered from the highly concentrated wealth.
Heuman, Gad, and Trevor Burnard, eds. The Routledge History of Slavery. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print. A
huge help, this source provided an enormous amount of information not only on American slavery and
the economy, but also slavery in general, to help give a wider perspective on how world events helped
causes abolition in the South. It was selected as an Outstanding Academic Title, and edited by
established history professors Heuman and Burnard, so it is very authoritative. It explained how slavery
worked economically, and gave advantages and disadvantages to free labor. The views were less one
sided that other sources, so it gave some good new perspectives on abolition. It also gave some
insight into the planter class, and how it was affected after abolition with the loss of slaves. Finally, it
explained how the economy reacted after abolition, in both the short and long terms, and how we
transitioned out of a slave-centered industry.
Leavitt, Joshua. The Financial Power of Slavery. United States: S.n., 1841. Print. Joshua Leavitt's short
publication on slavery was helpful to get a first-hand perspective of slavery and the economy. He
argues that slavery and its massive profits influences slaveowners and planters to want more and
more, and go into debt in order to gain even greater future profits. However, since they do not pay off
their debts, they hold back the national economy and decrease international financial trust in all of
America.
Parker, William. "Slavery and Southern Economic Development." Agricultural History 44.1 (1970): 115-25.
JSTOR. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. This source was actually the source from which the Ohio State University
statistics sheet found its information. It elaborated on how slavery affected industrialization in the
South, and how it was directly related to the mini industrial revolution in the South after abolition. I
also gave information in the form of charts on specific production information, both agricultural and
industrial.
Roberson, Jere W. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, SLAVERY AND THE GAG RULE. Oklahoma State University Library.
Oklahoma State University, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. Professor J.W. Roberson of Oklahoma State
University provides a view farther back into the past, on the first movements to abolish slavery in the
South. One of the most notable and outspoken was John Quincy Adams, the 6th President of the
United States. He was the first one to really consider pushing the South to abolition, and put the issue
on the table during his term. However, despite his best efforts, he was not able to end slavery in the
South.
"Slavery in the Civil War Era." Civil War Home. N.p., 24 Feb. 2002. Web. 03 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.civilwarhome.com/slavery.htm>. Civil War Home is a broad
context source, with information about slavery from the beginning of America to the American Civil
War. Good quality, although authoritativeness not known. Mostly background information on slavery,
such as slave life, reasons for slavery, and the history of slavery in the United States. Also, gave some
information about economic issues surrounding slavery, and impacts of abolition.
"Statistics on Slavery, the Southern Economy, the Industrial Revolution, Immigration, and Territorial
Expansion." The Ohio State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://people.cohums.ohio-
state.edu/roth5/history%20151%20honors/history%20151%20handouts/statistics%205.pdf>. This
source was a small piece of data regarding the relation between slaves in the south and
industrialization in the States. The paper was for a college level class, so it is likely to be trustworthy.
It showed that the south had many more slaves, and slaves a larger percent of the population. Then,
it showed how the South had very few factories in comparison to the North, and instead it had farms
and plantations. This slow technological development was as a result of the slaves, since it was more
profitable in the short term to run plantations.
United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. United States Census of 1860. N.p.: n.p., n.d.
The Civil War Home. 1997. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. The 1860 Census is almost certainly trustworthy, since
it was from the government. It just showed that the South had many more slaves than the North, and
many more as a percentage of the population. Combined with other sources, it can be confirmed that
large amounts of slavery was a likely cause of the South's slow technological advancement.
Bonacich, Edna. "Abolition, the Extension of Slavery, and the Position of Free Blacks: A Study of Split Labor
Markets in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 83.3 (1975): 601-28. Print. Edna
Bonacich, an expert on split labor market theory, has an insightful view on antebellum slavery, and
explains her thought process in this scholarly journal. Slavery created two groups - cheap slave labor,
and higher priced free white labor. The cheap slave labor created a monopoly on the job market, so
many white workers were extremely poor, while slaveowners were super rich - there was a serious
gap. Abolition raised the minimum, and so closed the gap a bit, at the expense of the rich.
Chaplin, Joyce E. An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815.
Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by
the University of North Carolina, 1993. Print. In her book, American History professor Joyce Chaplin
explains the Southern slave based economy's strengths and weaknesses, and why they were present.
The majority of her analyses were of weaknesses, such as the economic un-diversity and why the
South tried to avoid industrialization. She even provided information that, in conjunction with other
sources, could lead to an argument that slave labor was not as lucrative as it may have seemed.
However, she did list some of the strengths of a slave driven economy, such as economic stability.
Conrad, David E. "Tenant Farming and Sharecropping." Oklahoma State University Encyclopedia. Oklahoma
State University, n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. This online encyclopedia article gave good basic information
about sharecropping and tenant farming after the Civil War, as well as an analysis on how it affected
some of the people involved. Basically, the tenants were given a piece of land and some tools to farm,
and then the landowner would take some of the harvest. Both black and white farmers were forced to
work on terms almost as bad as slavery, and in the end, usually ended up going down the tenancy
ladder, or ability to farm more for themselves.
"Economic Growth in the United States, 1870-1900." Council of Economic Education. National Council of
Economic Education, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.
<http://ushistory.councilforeconed.org/visuals/lesson26_visuals.pdf>. As one of the online lessons by
the National Council of Economic Education, this source is almost certainly trustworthy and
authoritative, if a bit simple. Mostly gave me a basic understanding of how the economy changed -
and grew - from the time slavery was abolished. Essentially, the economy boomed once
industrialization took off, and farms all over the country increased productivity tremendously, even
though the largest plantations took a hit. Also, the booming railroad industry fed by new
industrialization in the South allowed trade to be much more profitable, leading to the business-
centered market of today.
Foner, Eric. "Eric Foner Thinks Anew About Lincoln and Slavery." Interview. The Record. Colombia University,
n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://news.columbia.edu/record/2142>. Here, FONER provides an insight
into what Abraham Lincoln thought about slavery. Lincoln believed that the free labor economy of the
North allowed for great economic expansion and opportunity, while the slavery halted advancement
and expansion in the South. He thought that if slavery was abolished, the South would become more
open to these improvements and become more fair and democratic to all.
Gordon, Robert J. "U.S. Economic Growth Since 1870: One Big Wave?" The American Economic Review 89.2
(1999): 123-28. Print. In this article, economist Robert Gordon analyzes the economic growth of the
United States from 1870. His claim is that the main reason for this "wave" of growth is due to
increasing use of more and better "equipment", or anything used to help production of a product. The
explosion of growth began in 1870, which also happened to be right after slavery was abolished.
Grady, Henry W. "Henry Grady Sells the South." Speech. Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of Boston. Bay
State Club, Boston. 1889. History Matters. American Social History Productions. Web. 21 Mar. 2013.
In this speech, as well as his speech to the New England Club, journalist and orator Henry W Grady
tells of his view on how the South has changed since the Civil Way. He believed that before, the
South was too dependent on the North for all things manufactured, but now, they have improved, with
factories everywhere and for everything. Also, he believed that the Old South rested everything on
slavery and agriculture, and that that could not sustain a healthy growth, or progress, for the
economy. He believed that the abolition of slavery forced the South to rethink its ways, and now they
are prospering with industrialization.
Grady, Henry W. "Henry Grady Sells the South." Speech. Henry Grady to the New England Club of New York.
New England Club, New York. 1886. History Matters. American Social History Productions. Web. 21
Mar. 2013. In this speech, as well as his speech to the Bay State Club, journalist and orator Henry W
Grady tells of his view on how the South has changed since the Civil Way. He believed that before, the
South was too dependent on the North for all things manufactured, but now, they have improved, with
factories everywhere and for everything. Also, he believed that the Old South rested everything on
slavery and agriculture, and that that could not sustain a healthy growth, or progress, for the
economy. He believed that the abolition of slavery forced the South to rethink its ways, and now they
are prospering with industrialization.
Helper, Hinton R. The Impending Crisis of the South. New York: BURDICK BROTHERS, 1857. Print. Hinton Helper
gives his perspective on slavery, with many other sources to back him up, such as letters to and from
government officials and other government documents. He states that slavery is inefficient compared
to free labor, due to the willingness of the workers. He even shows that the South was not necessarily
agriculturally superior to the North. The concentrated wealth and markets of the South force money to
be transferred to the North for imports, and makes the South less wealthy overall. Also, Northern free
labor is more efficient, as he proved with statistics gathered from Census', meaning that the North was
even more wealthy. The wealthy slaveholders created an iron fist in politics, so they kept slavery for
their own economic interests, while everyone else suffered from the highly concentrated wealth.
Heuman, Gad, and Trevor Burnard, eds. The Routledge History of Slavery. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print. A
huge help, this source provided an enormous amount of information not only on American slavery and
the economy, but also slavery in general, to help give a wider perspective on how world events helped
causes abolition in the South. It was selected as an Outstanding Academic Title, and edited by
established history professors Heuman and Burnard, so it is very authoritative. It explained how slavery
worked economically, and gave advantages and disadvantages to free labor. The views were less one
sided that other sources, so it gave some good new perspectives on abolition. It also gave some
insight into the planter class, and how it was affected after abolition with the loss of slaves. Finally, it
explained how the economy reacted after abolition, in both the short and long terms, and how we
transitioned out of a slave-centered industry.
Leavitt, Joshua. The Financial Power of Slavery. United States: S.n., 1841. Print. Joshua Leavitt's short
publication on slavery was helpful to get a first-hand perspective of slavery and the economy. He
argues that slavery and its massive profits influences slaveowners and planters to want more and
more, and go into debt in order to gain even greater future profits. However, since they do not pay off
their debts, they hold back the national economy and decrease international financial trust in all of
America.
Parker, William. "Slavery and Southern Economic Development." Agricultural History 44.1 (1970): 115-25.
JSTOR. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. This source was actually the source from which the Ohio State University
statistics sheet found its information. It elaborated on how slavery affected industrialization in the
South, and how it was directly related to the mini industrial revolution in the South after abolition. I
also gave information in the form of charts on specific production information, both agricultural and
industrial.
Roberson, Jere W. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, SLAVERY AND THE GAG RULE. Oklahoma State University Library.
Oklahoma State University, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. Professor J.W. Roberson of Oklahoma State
University provides a view farther back into the past, on the first movements to abolish slavery in the
South. One of the most notable and outspoken was John Quincy Adams, the 6th President of the
United States. He was the first one to really consider pushing the South to abolition, and put the issue
on the table during his term. However, despite his best efforts, he was not able to end slavery in the
South.
"Slavery in the Civil War Era." Civil War Home. N.p., 24 Feb. 2002. Web. 03 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.civilwarhome.com/slavery.htm>. Civil War Home is a broad
context source, with information about slavery from the beginning of America to the American Civil
War. Good quality, although authoritativeness not known. Mostly background information on slavery,
such as slave life, reasons for slavery, and the history of slavery in the United States. Also, gave some
information about economic issues surrounding slavery, and impacts of abolition.
"Statistics on Slavery, the Southern Economy, the Industrial Revolution, Immigration, and Territorial
Expansion." The Ohio State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://people.cohums.ohio-
state.edu/roth5/history%20151%20honors/history%20151%20handouts/statistics%205.pdf>. This
source was a small piece of data regarding the relation between slaves in the south and
industrialization in the States. The paper was for a college level class, so it is likely to be trustworthy.
It showed that the south had many more slaves, and slaves a larger percent of the population. Then,
it showed how the South had very few factories in comparison to the North, and instead it had farms
and plantations. This slow technological development was as a result of the slaves, since it was more
profitable in the short term to run plantations.
United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. United States Census of 1860. N.p.: n.p., n.d.
The Civil War Home. 1997. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. The 1860 Census is almost certainly trustworthy, since
it was from the government. It just showed that the South had many more slaves than the North, and
many more as a percentage of the population. Combined with other sources, it can be confirmed that
large amounts of slavery was a likely cause of the South's slow technological advancement.
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